我们提出了高度可行的帕累托优化（HIPPO） - 批处理采集功能，可实现多目标贝叶斯优化方法有效利用并行处理资源。多目标贝叶斯优化（MOBO）是解决昂贵的黑盒问题的非常有效的工具。但是，大多数主板算法被设计为纯粹的顺序策略，而现有的批次方法对于除最小的批量尺寸以外的所有人都非常昂贵。我们表明，通过通过以相似的预测目标值进行惩罚评估来鼓励批处理多样性，Hippo可以便宜地建立大量的信息观点。我们广泛的实验验证表明，河马至少与现有替代方案一样有效，同时产生的计算开销较低，并易于扩展到比文献中目前支持的批次大小要高得多。此外，我们证明了河马在充满挑战的热交换器设计问题上的应用，这强调了我们高度可行的MOBO方法的现实效用。

稀疏的高斯工艺是高通量贝叶斯优化（BO）循环的关键组成部分 - 越来越普遍的设置，评估预算大且高度平行。通过使用可用数据的代表性子集来构建近似后代，稀疏模型通过依靠一组较小的伪观察（即所谓的诱导点）代替完整的数据集来大大降低替代建模的计算成本。但是，当前设计诱导点的方法在BO循环中不合适，因为它们试图减少目标函数的全球不确定性。因此，牺牲了精确优化所需的有前途和数据密集区域的高保真模型，而是牺牲了计算资源，而是浪费在已经已知的亚地区的空间的建模区域上。受基于熵的BO方法的启发，我们提出了一种新颖的诱导点设计，该设计使用原则的信息理论标准选择诱导点。通过选择诱导点以最大程度地降低目标函数最大值的全局不确定性和不确定性，我们构建了能够支持高精度高通量BO的替代模型。

来自高斯过程（GP）模型的汤普森采样（TS）是一个强大的工具，用于优化黑盒功能。虽然TS享有强烈的理论担保和令人信服的实证性能，但它会引发大量的计算开销，可通过优化预算进行多项式。最近，已经提出了基于稀疏GP模型的可扩展TS方法来增加TS的范围，使其应用​​于足够多模态，嘈杂或组合需要的问题，以便要求解决超过几百个评估。但是，稀疏GPS引入的近似误差使所有现有的后悔界限无效。在这项工作中，我们对可扩展Ts进行了理论和实证分析。我们提供理论担保，并表明可以在标准TS上遗憾地享受可扩展TS的计算复杂性的急剧下降。这些概念索赔是针对合成基准测试的可扩展TS的实际实施，作为现实世界的高通量分子设计任务的一部分。

贝叶斯优化（BO）被广泛用于优化随机黑匣子功能。尽管大多数BO方法都集中在优化条件期望上，但许多应用程序都需要规避风险的策略，并且需要考虑分配尾巴的替代标准。在本文中，我们提出了针对贝叶斯分位数和预期回归的新变异模型，这些模型非常适合异形的噪声设置。我们的模型分别由有条件分位数（或期望）的两个潜在高斯过程和不对称可能性函数的比例参数组成。此外，我们提出了基于最大值熵搜索和汤普森采样的两种BO策略，这些策略是针对此类型号量身定制的，可以容纳大量点。与现有的BO进行规避风险优化的方法相反，我们的策略可以直接针对分位数和预期进行优化，而无需复制观测值或假设噪声的参数形式。如实验部分所示，所提出的方法清楚地表现出异质的非高斯案例中的最新状态。

Selecting the number of topics in LDA models is considered to be a difficult task, for which alternative approaches have been proposed. The performance of the recently developed singular Bayesian information criterion (sBIC) is evaluated and compared to the performance of alternative model selection criteria. The sBIC is a generalization of the standard BIC that can be implemented to singular statistical models. The comparison is based on Monte Carlo simulations and carried out for several alternative settings, varying with respect to the number of topics, the number of documents and the size of documents in the corpora. Performance is measured using different criteria which take into account the correct number of topics, but also whether the relevant topics from the DGPs are identified. Practical recommendations for LDA model selection in applications are derived.

Applying deep learning concepts from image detection and graph theory has greatly advanced protein-ligand binding affinity prediction, a challenge with enormous ramifications for both drug discovery and protein engineering. We build upon these advances by designing a novel deep learning architecture consisting of a 3-dimensional convolutional neural network utilizing channel-wise attention and two graph convolutional networks utilizing attention-based aggregation of node features. HAC-Net (Hybrid Attention-Based Convolutional Neural Network) obtains state-of-the-art results on the PDBbind v.2016 core set, the most widely recognized benchmark in the field. We extensively assess the generalizability of our model using multiple train-test splits, each of which maximizes differences between either protein structures, protein sequences, or ligand extended-connectivity fingerprints. Furthermore, we perform 10-fold cross-validation with a similarity cutoff between SMILES strings of ligands in the training and test sets, and also evaluate the performance of HAC-Net on lower-quality data. We envision that this model can be extended to a broad range of supervised learning problems related to structure-based biomolecular property prediction. All of our software is available as open source at https://github.com/gregory-kyro/HAC-Net/.

Counterfactual explanation is a common class of methods to make local explanations of machine learning decisions. For a given instance, these methods aim to find the smallest modification of feature values that changes the predicted decision made by a machine learning model. One of the challenges of counterfactual explanation is the efficient generation of realistic counterfactuals. To address this challenge, we propose VCNet-Variational Counter Net-a model architecture that combines a predictor and a counterfactual generator that are jointly trained, for regression or classification tasks. VCNet is able to both generate predictions, and to generate counterfactual explanations without having to solve another minimisation problem. Our contribution is the generation of counterfactuals that are close to the distribution of the predicted class. This is done by learning a variational autoencoder conditionally to the output of the predictor in a join-training fashion. We present an empirical evaluation on tabular datasets and across several interpretability metrics. The results are competitive with the state-of-the-art method.

Despite their impressive performance on diverse tasks, large language models (LMs) still struggle with tasks requiring rich world knowledge, implying the limitations of relying solely on their parameters to encode a wealth of world knowledge. This paper aims to understand LMs' strengths and limitations in memorizing factual knowledge, by conducting large-scale knowledge probing experiments of 10 models and 4 augmentation methods on PopQA, our new open-domain QA dataset with 14k questions. We find that LMs struggle with less popular factual knowledge, and that scaling fails to appreciably improve memorization of factual knowledge in the tail. We then show that retrieval-augmented LMs largely outperform orders of magnitude larger LMs, while unassisted LMs remain competitive in questions about high-popularity entities. Based on those findings, we devise a simple, yet effective, method for powerful and efficient retrieval-augmented LMs, which retrieves non-parametric memories only when necessary. Experimental results show that this significantly improves models' performance while reducing the inference costs.

We introduce the Conditional Independence Regression CovariancE (CIRCE), a measure of conditional independence for multivariate continuous-valued variables. CIRCE applies as a regularizer in settings where we wish to learn neural features $\varphi(X)$ of data $X$ to estimate a target $Y$, while being conditionally independent of a distractor $Z$ given $Y$. Both $Z$ and $Y$ are assumed to be continuous-valued but relatively low dimensional, whereas $X$ and its features may be complex and high dimensional. Relevant settings include domain-invariant learning, fairness, and causal learning. The procedure requires just a single ridge regression from $Y$ to kernelized features of $Z$, which can be done in advance. It is then only necessary to enforce independence of $\varphi(X)$ from residuals of this regression, which is possible with attractive estimation properties and consistency guarantees. By contrast, earlier measures of conditional feature dependence require multiple regressions for each step of feature learning, resulting in more severe bias and variance, and greater computational cost. When sufficiently rich features are used, we establish that CIRCE is zero if and only if $\varphi(X) \perp \!\!\! \perp Z \mid Y$. In experiments, we show superior performance to previous methods on challenging benchmarks, including learning conditionally invariant image features.

This paper describes Waymo's Collision Avoidance Testing (CAT) methodology: a scenario-based testing method that evaluates the safety of the Waymo Driver Automated Driving Systems' (ADS) intended functionality in conflict situations initiated by other road users that require urgent evasive maneuvers. Because SAE Level 4 ADS are responsible for the dynamic driving task (DDT), when engaged, without immediate human intervention, evaluating a Level 4 ADS using scenario-based testing is difficult due to the potentially infinite number of operational scenarios in which hazardous situations may unfold. To that end, in this paper we first describe the safety test objectives for the CAT methodology, including the collision and serious injury metrics and the reference behavior model representing a non-impaired eyes on conflict human driver used to form an acceptance criterion. Afterward, we introduce the process for identifying potentially hazardous situations from a combination of human data, ADS testing data, and expert knowledge about the product design and associated Operational Design Domain (ODD). The test allocation and execution strategy is presented next, which exclusively utilize simulations constructed from sensor data collected on a test track, real-world driving, or from simulated sensor data. The paper concludes with the presentation of results from applying CAT to the fully autonomous ride-hailing service that Waymo operates in San Francisco, California and Phoenix, Arizona. The iterative nature of scenario identification, combined with over ten years of experience of on-road testing, results in a scenario database that converges to a representative set of responder role scenarios for a given ODD. Using Waymo's virtual test platform, which is calibrated to data collected as part of many years of ADS development, the CAT methodology provides a robust and scalable safety evaluation.